Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a big issue in various populations worldwide. Erectile dysfunction is defined as a situation or inability to achieve and/or maintain penile erection that is sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. It’s been observed that around 52% of the male population is affected with ED amongst which over 30% of young males are suffering from this condition. Scientific investigations have observed that the prevalence of ED is strongly associated with increasing age, making it a major health problem since with the increase of the aging population, the worldwide prevalence of ED has been predicted to reach 322 million by 2025.
Blood vessels play a prime role to keep erections firm. Under normal physiological circumstances, during sexual arousal nerves release chemicals that increase blood flow into the corpus cavernosum (erection chambers in the penis), the arteries in the penis expand to allow the inflow of blood which makes the erection firm. However, to keep the erection rigid, blood needs to stay in the penis until the man ejaculates. For this, penile veins constrict to trap the blood inside, which is known as veno-occlusion. At the end of sexual stimulation, the veins widen and blood flows back into the body. If the veins do not constrict enough, blood leaks back into the body, which results in softening of the erection, this phenomenon is known as a venous leak in which the erection gradually loses its firmness. Therefore, venous leak is a defect where a male is unable to have strong erections even with sufficient blood into the penis as a result of abnormal venous drainage in the penis corpora cavernosa, thus retarding the typical erectile capability of men. Venous leak is often listed under erectile dysfunction causes in younger men. Surveys have found that about 70% of the affected population by ED does not get treated therefore, men suffering from this condition experience shame and choose to be secluded in sexual relations. If you have concerns regarding being affected by this condition, contact your urologist, and get an early treatment since venous leakage is treatable. Although there are quite a few causes of erectile dysfunction, nonetheless, many non-invasive remedial options are available for such patients that will improve fertility and its progression.
Erectile Dysfunction Causes
There are many different underlying factors that can qualify as erectile dysfunction causes. Based on etiology, erectile dysfunction is divided into three major types: psychological (such as depression, stress, and anxiety), organic (related to vascular system, nervous system and endocrine system) and mixed.
When we talk about organic causes, defects in the physiology of vascular system are a common occurrence, in patients with venogenic erectile dysfunction, veno-occlusive dysfunction is recognized as underlying cause in most cases which can be due to either aging or injury related changes to the tunica albuginea, cavernosal smooth muscle dysfunction or excessive adrenergic input or shunts created during priapism episodes. There are several potential risk factors such as age, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disorders, hypertension, atherosclerosis, prostatectomy, pelvic radiation, Peyronie’s disease (development of scar tissue inside the penis), and androgen deprivation therapy that appear to be associated with organic ED.
Diagnosis and Treatment
In order to diagnose venous leak erectile dysfunction, your doctor will take your personal history, would likely do a physical examination, and recommend some tests such as Penile doppler ultrasound,certain male hormone and routine blood tests along with urine tests to rule out any doubts.
It is advisable for patients with venous leak erectile dysfunction to make lifestyle modifications and prevent physiological stresses to overrule these conditions and take adjunct medications. Furthermore, for patients suspected with ED are commonly prescribed phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) therapy which is not a curative treatment but rather symptom-relieving treatment and loses its effect in in a few months. There are surgical interventions also available in the market such as penile implant(recommended only in elderly and patients who had radical prostate surgery) and venous ligation surgery, which aims to repair the leaking veins(discouraged by surgical fraternity for recurrence and high failure rates).
Moreover, an interventional radiological approach that is endovascular treatment is a promising approach to treat patients with erectile dysfunction or venous leakage. Endovascular therapy with 3D precision-guided embolization of venous leak is a minimally invasive procedure and a safer alternative to surgical methods. For endovascular embolization, administration of local anesthesia followed by real-time fluoroscopic monitored puncture of a venous access is performed to reach the leaking veins and periprostatic venous plexus under sonographic and 3-D precision guided fluoroscopic guidance.
The non-invasive endovascular treatment can be performed by two different approaches, such as antegrade approach via deep dorsal penile vein and retrograde transfemoral venous approach via internal iliac veins. Although both approaches aim to embolize the periprostatic venous plexus along with other unusually shaped or abnormally functioning veins due to valvular incompetence, antegrade endovascular treatment is preferred since it provides a more direct route for catheterization of the periprostatic venous leaks.3D Precision guided fluoroscopic guidance helps the catheter reach the specific veins, following a diagnostic venogram embolization is performed using N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate and ethiodized oil mixed in specific ratios depending on proximity, size and extent of venous leaks under continuous fluoroscopic control in neutral projection with optional oblique projection for precison guided embolization of incompetent pelvic veins.
This non-surgical treatment- 3D precision-guided embolization of venous leak is a complex and challenging procedure which requires high expertise in the said field. Its treatment in Pakistan was introduced by Dr. Imtiaz Ahmed in 2019, making him a pioneer. Dr Imtiaz Ahmad is an endovascular surgical specialist and an interventional radiologist who treats men suffering from venous leakage, erectile dysfunction and infertility issues that may have little hope left otherwise. His expertise in the field speaks volume for itself, which can be inferred by the accolades of his treated patients.
Uterine polyps, also commonly known as endometrial polyps are soft fleshy growths attached to the endometrium that is the inner wall of the uterus (or womb) and extend into the uterine cavity. Although uterine polyps have a low incidence rate compared to other reproductive ailments with every one in 10,000 females being affected. However, they can be absolutely worrisome when they straightforwardly affect fertility, pregnancy outcomes, and reoccur after polyp removal. These are somewhat similar to skin tags, which are normal tissues in essence but grow in an abnormal fashion and often flatten out to fit the cavity of the uterus. Endometrial polyps range from a few millimeters in diameter – such as a sesame seed – to several centimeters, like a golf ball or larger. They are attached to the uterine wall by either a large base or a thin stalk (or pedicle). Uterine polyps are commonly observed in 10-25% of women worldwide that are usually in their fifties. These are rare to find in women under 20 years of age or those who have surpassed menopause.
Polyps can occur anywhere in the body ranging from stomach, ear, and nose to different locations in the female reproductive system such as ovarian polyps. It is to be noted that there can be more than one polyp in the uterine cavity. Usually, polyps are contained within the uterus, however, occasionally, they slip down through the cervix (opening of the uterus) and into your vagina, blocking the opening. In such cases, they are referred to as cervical polyps and vaginal polyps, respectively. The vast majority of these polyps are usually noncancerous (benign), although in some cases they can be cancerous or eventually turn into cancer at the end.
Often times people misunderstand the difference between uterine polyps and uterine fibroids since both polyps and fibroids are similar in the essence that they grow on the uterine wall. Statistics show that about 80% of women experience at least one of the conditions in their lifetime. Uterine polyps are oval tissue growths that form in the lining of the uterus; whereas fibroids are benign growths that are found either outside or in the endometrial wall or within the uterine cavity (womb). Fibroids are likely to be developed in younger females, in contrast to polyps that are usually observed in middle-aged women.
Why Do Uterine Polyps Occur?
To date, the exact cause of endometrial polyps in women is not known. However, there are some theories that can best explain why they occur in the first place. These include:
Hormonal Imbalance: It’s been observed that polyps tend to grow when there is more of the hormone estrogen produced in the body.
Endometrial hyperplasia: It is the abnormal growth of the uterine lining. Since uterine polyps arise from the endometrial cells which grow during the menstrual cycle in preparation for embryo implantation. In case of absence of pregnancy, this lining sheds; however, due to numerous reasons, if the endometrial lining grows too much, it results in the formation of tissue outgrowth.
Genetic Factors: Various genetic factors have been found to be linked with the growth of uterine polyps, such as over expression of an enzyme found in the lining of the uterus called aromatase has been found to be one of its causative factors.
Risk Factors for Developing Uterine Polyps
The possible risk factors that increase the chances of developing uterine polyps are jotted down as follows:
Perimenopause or postmenopausal period
Hypertension
Obesity
Hormone replacement therapy or drug therapy
Uterine Polyps Symptoms
Uterine polyps are rarely symptomatic. However, in case of being symptomatic for these polyps, women show various signs and symptoms such as,
Irregular menstrual bleeding
Menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding)
Bleeding after intercourse
Cramping in the lower abdomen (dysmenorrhea)
Infertility or miscarriage
Uterine Polyps Diagnosis and Treatment
After your normal check-up and history, your medical specialist will likely recommend some tests to ensure if the condition correlates to uterine polyps or not. These tests may include vaginal ultrasound, hysteroscopy, endometrial biopsy, and curettage for confirmation.
If you are not symptomatic, then you shouldn’t worry too much about its treatment. However, polyps’ removal becomes a necessity if they are causing any aforementioned symptoms or if they are suspected to be precancerous or cancerous.
Medications: Certain hormonal medications such as drugs that help regulate the hormonal balance, like progestins or gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, could be used as a temporary treatment to relieve the symptoms. However, the symptoms will likely return after the medications are stopped.
Surgical removal: Polypectomy is a procedure to remove polyps. The most effective way to perform a polypectomy is through hysteroscopy, in which a small camera is placed inside the uterus using a thin, flexible, lighted telescope (hysteroscope) through your vagina and cervix for visualization of the uterine cavity. The procedure is performed under anesthesia to overcome any discomfort. During the procedure, it is possible to remove polyps from the uterus using a hysteroscope. Curettage is another surgical way to scrape uterine lining and removal
